Silver Bullet throttle body spacers create turbulence in the air flow at the point just prior to entry of the engine - increasing performance, as well as improving throttle response and fuel efficiency.
Our Twisted Steel long tube header and y-pipe added an astounding +32 HP and +44 lbs. x ft.
Twisted Steel Long Tube Headers Features:
Y-Pipe (Street Version) Features:
In recent testing, the Street Version produced +33 HP and +30 lbs. x ft. TQ on our in-house dyno (tested on a 2014 Toyota Tundra V8-5.7L).
Headers:
Connection Pipes:
Now your 19-20 Silverado/Sierra can perform and sound as good as it looks with this aFe POWER Vulcan Series cat-back exhaust system. 4inch to dual 3inch mandrel-bent, 304 stainless steel tubing and high-flow muffler improves performance across the power band and delivers a deep, aggressive exhaust tone. 100% MIG-welded for strength and durability. Quad 4inch black 304 stainless steel exhaust tips for an aggressive custom look.
4inch to Dual 3inch 304 Stainless Steel Tubing:
This system is constructed of durable mandrel-bent 4inch to dual 3inch 304 stainless steel tubing for maximum corrosion resistance. Mandrel-bent tubing for maximum air flow and low turbulence; increasing torque, horsepower and improved throttle response.
High-Flow Performance Muffler:
A single-in, dual-out high-flow stainless steel muffler allows increased exhaust flow and reduces exhaust drone, maintaining a deep, tuned sound.
Quad Black Tips:
Quad 4inch black 304 stainless steel exhaust tips replace the factory tips for an aggressive, custom sport truck look.
Perfect Fit:
Factory-style bayonet hangers are used to maintain a stable pipe location during high vibration and high heat conditions for a secure fit.
Hassle-Free Installation:
Quality hardware and clamps are included for a hassle-free installation.
It may be necessary to cut the OE Exhaust to remove it from the vehicle.
Now your 19-20 Silverado/Sierra can perform and sound as good as it looks with this aFe POWER Vulcan Series cat-back exhaust system. 4inch to dual 3inch mandrel-bent, 304 stainless steel tubing and high-flow muffler improves performance across the power band and delivers a deep, aggressive exhaust tone. 100% MIG-welded for strength and durability. Quad 4inch polished 304 stainless steel exhaust tips for an aggressive custom look.
4inch to Dual 3inch 304 Stainless Steel Tubing:
This system is constructed of durable mandrel-bent 4inch to dual 3inch 304 stainless steel tubing for maximum corrosion resistance. Mandrel-bent tubing for maximum air flow and low turbulence; increasing torque, horsepower and improved throttle response.
High-Flow Performance Muffler:
A single-in, dual-out high-flow stainless steel muffler allows increased exhaust flow and reduces exhaust drone, maintaining a deep, tuned sound.
Quad Polished Tips:
Quad 4inch polished 304 stainless steel exhaust tips replace the factory tips for an aggressive, custom sport truck look.
Perfect Fit:
Factory-style bayonet hangers are used to maintain a stable pipe location during high vibration and high heat conditions for a secure fit.
Hassle-Free Installation:
Quality hardware and clamps are included for a hassle-free installation.
It may be necessary to cut the OE Exhaust to remove it from the vehicle.
aFe is proud to introduce the MACH Force XP Cat-Back exhaust system for the 2009-2017 Dodge/RAM 1500 with the V8-5.7L HEMI engine. This exhaust system outflows the factory exhaust by 130%. This cat-back exhaust is constructed of 3" mandrel-bent 409 stainless steel tubing and comes complete with free-flowing muffler, OE-style bayonet hangers, band clamps and all hardware necessary for a hassle-free installation. The smooth curves and increased diameter of this exhaust system helps remove restriction and keeps exhaust gas flowing smoothly for increased horsepower and torque. The system is finished off with dual gloss black 304 stainless steel, double wall slash cut tips for an aggressive style.
Installation is a Snap:
This MACH Force XP exhaust system use all factory mounting locations providing stability and a hassle-free installation.
Leak-Free Seal:
High quality OE-style flange and band clamps are used for a complete 360-degree sealing surface eliminating leak paths.
Aggressive Sound:
A free-flowing stainless steel muffler is used to absorb high pitch tones producing a powerful sound and unleashing all available horsepower and torque.
Perfect Fit:
OE-style bayonet hangers are used to maintain a stable pipe location during high vibration and high heat conditions. The Bayonet tip holds the hanger bushing in place for an OE style fit that does not change with time.
aFe is proud to introduce the MACH Force XP Cat-Back exhaust system for the 2009-2017 Dodge/RAM 1500 with the V8-5.7L HEMI engine. This exhaust system outflows the factory exhaust by 130%. This cat-back exhaust is constructed of 3" mandrel-bent 409 stainless steel tubing and comes complete with free-flowing muffler, OE-style bayonet hangers, band clamps and all hardware necessary for a hassle-free installation. The smooth curves and increased diameter of this exhaust system helps remove restriction and keeps exhaust gas flowing smoothly for increased horsepower and torque. The system is finished off with dual gloss black 304 stainless steel, double wall slash cut tips for an aggressive style.
Installation is a Snap:
This MACH Force XP exhaust system use all factory mounting locations providing stability and a hassle-free installation.
Leak-Free Seal:
High quality OE-style flange and band clamps are used for a complete 360-degree sealing surface eliminating leak paths.
Aggressive Sound:
A free-flowing stainless steel muffler is used to absorb high pitch tones producing a powerful sound and unleashing all available horsepower and torque.
Perfect Fit:
OE-style bayonet hangers are used to maintain a stable pipe location during high vibration and high heat conditions. The Bayonet tip holds the hanger bushing in place for an OE style fit that does not change with time.
3inch 409 Stainless Steel Construction:
This cat-back exhaust system is constructed of 3inch mandrel-bent 409 stainless steel tubing for maximum strength and durability.
High-Flow Stainless Steel Muffler:
This system features a high-flow 409 stainless steel muffler, producing a throaty sound.
Dual 5inch Diameter Black Exhaust Tips:
Finishing off this exhaust system are dual 5inch diameter black stainless steel clamp-on exhaust tips. The tips features an aFe POWER logo plate riveted on for a unique style.
Installation:
Utilizing factory style hangers this system is a direct bolt-on system, which requires no cutting or modifications for a hassle-free installation.
Computer-Aided Design:
Utilizing state-of-the-art computer-aided design technology, this exhaust system is designed for custom, high tolerance factory fitment.
MIG-Welded:
MIG-Welded for race-proven strength and durability.
Fitment Note:
Will not fit models equipped with factory single exhaust system.
High Flow 409 Stainless Steel Muffler:
This 409 stainless steel High-Flow muffler is designed to provide a deep throaty, powerful sound on acceleration, but maintain a smooth sound at idle. This muffler is constructed uses a straight through perforated core with heat resistant packing to reduce backpressure and maximize flow. Also featuring a stamped aFe POWER logo for an added style. Muffler Specifications: 4" Center Inlet /Outlet, 8" Round x 24" L Body Diameter.
OE Fit:
Features OE-style bayonet hangers to maintain stability during high-rev vibration and high-temp conditions. Provides hassle-free installation.
Flow and Performance:
This Rebel XD exhaust system is constructed of 4" mandrel-bent 409 stainless steel tubing for maximum flow. Smooth transition bends allow for low turbulence, increasing horsepower, torque and throttle response.
Exhaust Tips:
Finishing off this exhaust are dual 5" black stainless steel straight-cut intercooled exhaust tips featuring a laser-cut stainless steel "aFe POWER" badge for added style.
Fits:
2017 Chevrolet Silverado HD 2500/3500 V8-6.6L (td) Duramax
2017 GMC Sierra HD 2500/3500 V8-6.6L (td) Duramax
Wheelbases:
Extended Cab/Short Bed, 6.6 ft. Bed, 143.5 Wheelbase
Crew Cab/Short Bed, 6.6 ft. Bed, 153.7 Wheelbase
Extended Cab/Long Bed, 8 ft. Bed, 158.1 Wheelbase
Crew Cab/Long Bed, 8 ft. Bed, 167.7 Wheelbase
Note 1:
Cutting is required for some cab configurations.
Power, quality and sound is what this Large Bore-HD series down-pipe back exhaust system offers. 4" mandrel-bent 409 stainless steel tubing and high-flow muffler are less restrictive keeping exhaust pulses flowing smoothly for increased power gains. High-temp black powder coated stainless steel exhaust tip completes the look. Factory style hangers, quality band clamps and all necessary hardware ensure a quick install and long-lasting exhaust that looks as good as it performs.
Flow and Performance:
This Large Bore-HD exhaust system is constructed of 4" mandrel-bent 409 stainless steel tubing for maximum flow and longevity. Smooth transition bends allow for low turbulence, increasing horsepower, torque and lower EGT's.
High Flow 409 Stainless Steel Muffler:
This 409 stainless steel performance muffler is designed to provide a deep, throaty, powerful sound on acceleration, but maintain a smooth sound at idle. Stamped with an aFe POWER logo for an aggressive style. Muffler Specifications: 4" Center Inlet /Outlet, 8" Round x 24" Length Body.
6" Diameter Black Tip:
This system is finished off with a 6" high-temp. black powder-coated slash cut tip. A unique laser-cut aFe Power logo plate is riveted on for a custom, quality finish.
OE Fit:
OE-style bayonet hangers are used to maintain a stable pipe location during high vibration and high heat conditions. The bayonet tip holds the hanger bushing in place for an OE-style fit that does not change with time.
Fits: CC/SB (151.6" Wheelbase/6.6ft. bed)
Performance Level
We're proud to announce the FIRST Australian made full twin 3in system to suit the RHD Chevrolet Silverado 1500 6.2L EcoTec3 313kw V8.
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre, or catback options available. Headers and cats to bolt to the factory catback position are also available.
Tailpipes to suit the factory in-bumper tips. Quad exit option coming soon!
Awesome V8 sound!
We're proud to announce the FIRST Australian made full twin 3in system to suit the RHD Chevrolet Silverado 1500 6.2L EcoTec3 313kw V8.
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre, or catback options available. Headers and cats to bolt to the factory catback position are also available.
Tailpipes to suit the factory in-bumper tips. Quad exit option coming soon!
Awesome V8 sound!
We're proud to announce the FIRST Australian made full twin 3in system to suit the RHD Chevrolet Silverado 1500 6.2L EcoTec3 313kw V8.
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre, or catback options available. Headers and cats to bolt to the factory catback position are also available.
Tailpipes to suit the factory in-bumper tips. Quad exit option coming soon!
Awesome V8 sound!
We're proud to announce the FIRST Australian made full twin 3in system to suit the RHD Chevrolet Silverado 1500 ZR2.
Cats to bolt to the factory catback position.
Tailpipes to suit the factory in-bumper tips. Quad exit option coming soon!
Awesome V8 sound!
Performance Level
We're proud to announce the FIRST Australian made full twin 3in system to suit the RAM 1500 5.7L HEMI V8.
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Extreme Level
We're proud to announce the FIRST Australian made full twin 3in system to suit the RAM 1500 5.7L HEMI V8.
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound - check out the videos!
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Extreme Level
We're proud to announce the FIRST Australian made full twin 3in system to suit the RAM 1500 5.7L HEMI V8.
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound - check out the videos!
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Performance Level
Our exhaust suits all variants, including the factory-backed ASV RHD conversions, and the SCD conversion which retains the original steering column position.
The Manta Exhaust for the DT RAM 1500 features the following:
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Extreme Level
Our exhaust suits all variants, including the factory-backed ASV RHD conversions, and the SCD conversion which retains the original steering column position.
The Manta Exhaust for the DT RAM 1500 features the following:
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Performance Level
Our exhaust suits all variants, including the factory-backed ASV RHD conversions, and the SCD conversion which retains the original steering column position.
The Manta Exhaust for the DT RAM 1500 features the following:
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Extreme Level
Our exhaust suits all variants, including the factory-backed ASV RHD conversions, and the SCD conversion which retains the original steering column position.
The Manta Exhaust for the DT RAM 1500 features the following:
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Performance Level
We're proud to announce the FIRST Australian made full twin 3in system to suit the RAM 1500 5.7L HEMI V8.
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Extreme Level
We're proud to announce the FIRST Australian made full twin 3in system to suit the RAM 1500 5.7L HEMI V8.
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound - check out the videos!
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Performance Level
Our exhaust suits all variants, including the factory-backed ASV RHD conversions, and the SCD conversion which retains the original steering column position. We've also confirmed fitment on the new supercharged behemoth that is the TRX!
The Manta Exhaust for the DT RAM 1500 features the following:
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Extreme Level
Our exhaust suits all variants, including the factory-backed ASV RHD conversions, and the SCD conversion which retains the original steering column position. We've also confirmed fitment on the new supercharged behemoth that is the TRX!
The Manta Exhaust for the DT RAM 1500 features the following:
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Extreme Level
Our exhaust suits all variants, including the factory-backed ASV RHD conversions, and the SCD conversion which retains the original steering column position. We've also confirmed fitment on the new supercharged behemoth that is the TRX!
The Manta Exhaust for the DT RAM 1500 features the following:
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Touring and Towing Level
We're proud to announce the FIRST Australian made full twin 3in system to suit the RAM 1500 5.7L HEMI V8.
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Performance Level
We're proud to announce the FIRST Australian made full twin 3in system to suit the RAM 1500 5.7L HEMI V8.
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound - check out the videos!
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Touring and Towing Level
Our exhaust suits all variants, including the factory-backed ASV RHD conversions, and the SCD conversion which retains the original steering column position.
The Manta Exhaust for the DT RAM 1500 features the following:
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Performance Level
Our exhaust suits all variants, including the factory-backed ASV RHD conversions, and the SCD conversion which retains the original steering column position.
The Manta Exhaust for the DT RAM 1500 features the following:
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Touring and Towing Level
Our exhaust suits all variants, including the factory-backed ASV RHD conversions, and the SCD conversion which retains the original steering column position.
The Manta Exhaust for the DT RAM 1500 features the following:
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Performance Level
Our exhaust suits all variants, including the factory-backed ASV RHD conversions, and the SCD conversion which retains the original steering column position.
The Manta Exhaust for the DT RAM 1500 features the following:
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Touring and Towing Level
We're proud to announce the FIRST Australian made full twin 3in system to suit the RAM 1500 5.7L HEMI V8.
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Performance Level
We're proud to announce the FIRST Australian made full twin 3in system to suit the RAM 1500 5.7L HEMI V8.
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.
Performance Level
Our exhaust suits all variants, including the factory-backed ASV RHD conversions, and the SCD conversion which retains the original steering column position. We've also confirmed fitment on the new supercharged behemoth that is the TRX!
The Manta Exhaust for the DT RAM 1500 features the following:
Featuring a set of 1 3/4in primary 4-into-1 headers, with 3in outlets (available with ceramic coating)
Full twin 3in system with H-pipe, and hotdog + muffler centre
Tailpipes with 5in chrome tips (available with black tips also)
Awesome V8 sound
Our full system routes the exhaust away from the transmission, behind the crossmember, thus eliminating the issue of the exhaust contributing to the transmission temperature. Our catback system goes off the back of the factory Y-pipe, so therefore does not alter this area at all.